Skip to content Skip to sidebar Skip to footer
Home / Language Arts 700 ââ“ Unit 3 Biographies and Grammar Affixes

Language Arts 700 ââ“ Unit 3 Biographies and Grammar Affixes

Post a Comment

Germanic language

Scots
Lowland Scots, Broad Scots
( Braid ) Scots , Lallans , Doric
Native to United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, Republic of Ireland
Region
  • Scotland: Scottish Lowlands, Northern Isles, Caithness, Arran and Campbeltown
  • Ulster (Ireland): Counties Down, Antrim, Londonderry, Donegal and Armagh
Ethnicity Lowland Scots people

Native speakers

 Numbers disputed. 99,200 (2019)[one]
In 2011, one,541,693 people in Scotland alone reported speaking Scots.[2]

Language family

Indo-European

  • Germanic
    • West Germanic
      • North Sea Germanic
        • Anglo-Frisian
          • Anglic
            • Scots

Early forms

Northumbrian Old English

  • Early Centre English
    • Early Scots
      • Centre Scots
Dialects
  • Cardinal
  • Southern
  • Ulster
  • Northern
  • Insular

Writing system

Latin
Official condition

Official language in

 Scotland[3]

Recognised minority
language in

Northern Ireland (as Ulster Scots), Commonwealth of Ireland (Canton Donegal)
Language codes
ISO 639-2 sco
ISO 639-three sco
Glottolog scot1243
ELP Scots
Linguasphere 52-ABA-aa (varieties: 52-ABA-aaa to -aav)
Scots speakers in the 2011 census.png

The proportion of respondents in the 2011 census in Scotland aged 3 and in a higher place who stated that they can speak Lowland Scots
Ulster-Scots speakers in the 2011 census in Northern Ireland.png

The proportion of respondents in the 2011 census in Northern Ireland aged three and higher up who stated that they can speak Ulster Scots

Scots (endonym: Scots) is an Anglic language diversity in the West Germanic language family, spoken in Scotland and parts of Ulster in the due north of Ireland (where the local dialect is known as Ulster Scots).[iv] Well-nigh commonly spoken in the Scottish Lowlands, Northern Isles and northern Ulster, information technology is sometimes called Lowland Scots or Broad Scots to distinguish it from Scottish Gaelic, the Goidelic Celtic language that was historically restricted to most of the Scottish Highlands, the Hebrides and Galloway afterward the 16th century.[5] Modern Scots is a sister language of Modern English, as the 2 diverged independently from the aforementioned source: Early Middle English (1150–1300[half dozen]).[7] [8]

Scots is recognised every bit an ethnic language of Scotland,[ix] a regional or minority language of Europe,[10] and a vulnerable language by UNESCO.[eleven] [12] In the 2011 Scottish Census, over ane.5 million people in Scotland reported being able to speak Scots.[13]

As there are no universally accepted criteria for distinguishing a language from a dialect, scholars and other interested parties oft disagree most the linguistic, historical and social status of Scots, particularly its relationship to English.[14] Although a number of paradigms for distinguishing between languages and dialects exist, they oft render contradictory results. Wide Scots is at one end of a bipolar linguistic continuum, with Scottish Standard English at the other.[15] Scots is sometimes regarded as a variety of English, though information technology has its own singled-out dialects;[fourteen] : 894 other scholars treat Scots every bit a distinct Germanic language, in the style that Norwegian is closely linked to but singled-out from Danish.[14] : 894

Nomenclature [edit]

Native speakers sometimes refer to their vernacular as braid Scots (or "broad Scots" in English)[xvi] or use a dialect name such every bit the "Doric"[17] or the " Buchan Claik ".[xviii] The old-fashioned Scotch, an English loan,[14] : 892 occurs occasionally, specially in Ulster.[19] [20] The term Lallans , a variant of the Modern Scots give-and-take lawlands [ˈlo̜ːlən(d)z, ˈlɑːlənz],[21] is besides used, though this is more oftentimes taken to mean the Lallans literary form.[22] Scots in Ireland is known in official circles as Ulster-Scots ( Ulstèr-Scotch in revivalist Ulster-Scots) or "Ullans", a recent neologism merging Ulster and Lallans.[23]

Etymology [edit]

Scots is a contraction of Scottis , the Older Scots[16] and northern version of late Former English: Scottisc (mod English language "Scottish"), which replaced the earlier i-mutated version Scyttisc .[24] Earlier the end of the fifteenth century, English spoken language in Scotland was known as "English" (written Ynglis or Inglis at the time), whereas "Scottish" ( Scottis ) referred to Gaelic.[25] By the beginning of the fifteenth century, the English linguistic communication used in Scotland had arguably become a distinct language, albeit i lacking a name which clearly distinguished it from all the other English language variants and dialects spoken in United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland. From 1495, the term Scottis was increasingly used to refer to the Lowland colloquial[14] : 894 and Erse , meaning "Irish gaelic", was used equally a proper noun for Gaelic. For example, towards the end of the fifteenth century, William Dunbar was using Erse to refer to Gaelic and, in the early on sixteenth century, Gavin Douglas was using Scottis every bit a name for the Lowland colloquial.[26] [27] The Gaelic of Scotland is now unremarkably called Scottish Gaelic.

History [edit]

The growth and distribution of Scots in Scotland and Ulster[28] [29]

 Quondam English language past the beginning of the 9th century in the northern portion of the Anglo-Saxon[thirty] kingdom of Northumbria, now role of Scotland

 Early Scots by the beginning of the 15th century

Northumbrian Old English had been established in what is at present southeastern Scotland as far as the River Forth by the seventh century, equally the region was part of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria.[31] Middle Irish was the language of the Scottish court, and the common utilise of Old English language remained largely confined to this expanse until the thirteenth century. The succeeding multifariousness of early northern Middle English language spoken in southeastern Scotland is also known as Early Scots. Information technology began to farther diverge from the Middle English of Northumbria due to twelfth and thirteenth century immigration of Scandinavian-influenced Heart English language-speakers from the North and Midlands of England.[31] : xliii Afterwards influences on the development of Scots came from the Romance languages via ecclesiastical and legal Latin, Norman French,[31] : lxiii–lxv and subsequently Parisian French, due to the Auld Alliance. Additionally, there were Dutch and Heart Low High german influences due to trade with and immigration from the Depression Countries.[31] : lxiii Scots likewise includes loan words in the legal and administrative fields resulting from contact with Middle Irish gaelic, and reflected in early on medieval legal documents.[31] : lxi Contemporary Scottish Gaelic loans are mainly for geographical and cultural features, such as cèilidh, loch and clan. Cumbric and Pictish, the medieval Brittonic languages of Northern England and Scotland, are the suspected source of a small number of Scots words, such as lum (derived from Cumbric) meaning "chimney".[32] From the thirteenth century, the Early Scots linguistic communication spread further into Scotland via the burghs, which were proto-urban institutions first established by Rex David I. In fourteenth century Scotland, the growth in prestige of Early Scots and the complementary decline of French made Scots the prestige dialect of virtually of eastern Scotland. By the sixteenth century, Centre Scots had established orthographic and literary norms largely independent of those developing in England.[33]

From 1610 to the 1690s during the Plantation of Ulster, some 200,000 Scots-speaking Lowlanders settled equally colonists in Ulster in Ireland.[34] [ full citation needed ] In the core areas of Scots settlement, Scots outnumbered English settlers by five or six to ane.[35] [ total citation needed ]

The proper noun Modern Scots is used to describe the Scots language afterward 1700.[ commendation needed ]

Scots was studied alongside English and Scots Gaelic in the Linguistic Survey of Scotland at the University of Edinburgh, which began in 1949 and began to publish results in the 1970s.[36] Likewise get-go in the 1970s, the Atlas Linguarum Europae studied the Scots language used at fifteen sites in Scotland, each with their own dialect.[37]

Language shift [edit]

From the mid-sixteenth century, written Scots was increasingly influenced by the developing Standard English language of Southern England due to developments in royal and political interactions with England.[33] : 10 When William Bloom, an English language herald, spoke to Mary of Guise and her councillors in 1560, they get-go used the "Scottyshe toung" . When he was "not well agreement" , they switched into her native French.[38] Rex James VI, who in 1603 became James I of England, observed in his piece of work Some Reulis and Cautelis to Be Observit and Eschewit in Scottis Poesie that "For albeit sindrie hes written of information technology in English, quhilk is lykest to our language..." (For though several have written of (the subject) in English language, which is the language well-nigh like to ours...). However, with the increasing influence and availability of books printed in England, most writing in Scotland came to be done in the English language fashion.[33] : xi In his first spoken language to the English Parliament in March 1603, Rex James Vi and I declared, "Hath not God first united these 2 Kingdomes both in Language, Organized religion, and similitude of maners?" .[39] Following James Vi's move to London, the Protestant Church of Scotland adopted the 1611 Authorized King James Version of the Bible; subsequently, the Acts of Spousal relationship 1707 led to England joining Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Uk, having a unmarried Parliament of Britain based in London. Afterward the Union and the shift of political power to England, the use of Scots was discouraged by many in authorization and education, every bit was the notion of "Scottishness" itself.[40] Many leading Scots of the flow, such every bit David Hume, defined themselves every bit Northern British rather than Scottish.[40] : 2 They attempted to rid themselves of their Scots in a bid to establish standard English as the official linguistic communication of the newly formed matrimony. Notwithstanding, Scots was still spoken across a wide range of domains until the stop of the eighteenth century.[33] : 11 Frederick Pottle, James Boswell's twentieth-century biographer, described James's view of his father Alexander Boswell's utilize of Scots[ when? ] while serving every bit a judge of the Supreme Courts of Scotland:

He scorned modern literature, spoke broad Scots from the demote, and even in writing took no pains to avoid the Scotticisms which nigh of his colleagues were coming to regard every bit vulgar.

Nevertheless, others did contemptuousness Scots, such every bit Scottish Enlightenment intellectuals David Hume and Adam Smith, who went to peachy lengths to become rid of every Scotticism from their writings.[41] Following such examples, many well-off Scots took to learning English language through the activities of those such as Thomas Sheridan, who in 1761 gave a series of lectures on English elocution. Charging a guinea at a fourth dimension (about £200 in today's money[42]), they were attended by over 300 men, and he was fabricated a freeman of the City of Edinburgh. Following this, some of the city's intellectuals formed the Select Society for Promoting the Reading and Speaking of the English Language in Scotland. These eighteenth-century activities would lead to the cosmos of Scottish Standard English language.[33] : 13 Scots remained the colloquial of many rural communities and the growing number of urban working-class Scots.[33] : 14

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the use of Scots as a literary linguistic communication was revived by several prominent Scotsmen[ citation needed ] such every bit Robert Burns. Such writers established a new cross-dialect literary norm.

Scots terms were included in the English Dialect Dictionary, edited past Joseph Wright. Wright had cracking difficulty in recruiting volunteers from Scotland, as many refused to cooperate with a venture that regarded Scots as a dialect of English, and he obtained enough help only through the assistance from a Professor Shearer in Scotland.[43] Wright himself rejected the argument that Scots was a separate language, saying that this was a "quite modern error".[43]

During the first half of the twentieth century, knowledge of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century literary norms waned, and as of 2006[update], there is no institutionalised standard literary course.[44] By the 1940s, the Scottish Education Department's linguistic communication policy was that Scots had no value: "it is not the language of 'educated' people anywhere, and could not exist described as a suitable medium of education or civilization".[45] Students reverted to Scots exterior the classroom, merely the reversion was not complete. What occurred, and has been occurring e'er since, is a procedure of language attrition, whereby successive generations have adopted more and more features from Standard English. This process has accelerated rapidly since widespread admission to mass media in English and increased population mobility became available after the 2d World State of war.[33] : 15 It has recently taken on the nature of wholesale language shift, sometimes also termed linguistic communication change, convergence or merger. By the end of the twentieth century, Scots was at an advanced stage of language death over much of Lowland Scotland.[46] Residual features of Scots are oftentimes regarded as slang.[47] A 2010 Scottish Government study of "public attitudes towards the Scots language" plant that 64% of respondents (effectually ane,000 individuals in a representative sample of Scotland's adult population) "don't actually recollect of Scots as a language", likewise finding "the most frequent speakers are to the lowest degree likely to concord that it is not a linguistic communication (58%) and those never speaking Scots most likely to do so (72%)".[48]

Decline in condition [edit]

Lufe God abufe al and yi nychtbour as yi cocky ("Dearest God higher up all and thy neighbor as thyself"), an example of Early Scots, on John Knox House, Edinburgh

Earlier the Treaty of Marriage 1707, when Scotland and England joined to grade the Kingdom of Bully Uk, there is ample prove that Scots was widely held to be an independent sis language[49] forming a pluricentric diasystem with English.

German linguist Heinz Kloss considered Modern Scots a Halbsprache ('half language') in terms of an abstand and ausbau languages framework,[50] although today in Scotland most people's speech is somewhere on a continuum ranging from traditional broad Scots to Scottish Standard English. Many speakers are diglossic and may be able to code-switch along the continuum depending on the situation. Where on this continuum English-influenced Scots becomes Scots-influenced English language is difficult to decide. Because standard English now more often than not has the role of a Dachsprache ('roofing language'), disputes oft arise as to whether the varieties of Scots are dialects of Scottish English or constitute a separate language in their own correct.[51] [52]

The UK government now accepts Scots as a regional linguistic communication and has recognised information technology as such under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.[53]

Notwithstanding the United kingdom government's and the Scottish Executive's obligations under part Ii of the European Lease for Regional or Minority Languages, the Scottish Executive recognises and respects Scots (in all its forms) every bit a distinct language, and does not consider the utilize of Scots to be an indication of poor competence in English.

Evidence for its beingness equally a separate language lies in the extensive trunk of Scots literature, its independent – if somewhat fluid – orthographic conventions, and in its erstwhile use every bit the linguistic communication of the original Parliament of Scotland.[54] Considering Scotland retained singled-out political, legal, and religious systems after the Union, many Scots terms passed into Scottish English language.

Language revitalisation [edit]

During the 2010s, increased involvement was expressed in the language.

Education [edit]

The status of the language was raised in Scottish schools,[55] with Scots being included in the new national schoolhouse curriculum.[56] Previously in Scotland's schools there had been niggling education taking place through the medium of Scots, although it may have been covered superficially in English lessons, which could entail reading some Scots literature and observing the local dialect. Much of the material used was often Standard English disguised as Scots, which caused upset among proponents of Standard English and proponents of Scots akin.[57] One case of the educational establishment's approach to Scots is, "Write a poem in Scots. (Information technology is important not to be worried about spelling in this – write as you hear the sounds in your head.)",[58] whereas guidelines for English require pedagogy pupils to exist "writing fluently and legibly with accurate spelling and punctuation".[59]

A course in Scots language and civilisation delivered through the medium of Standard English and produced by the Open University (OU) in Scotland, the Open up Academy's School of Languages and Applied Linguistics as well every bit Instruction Scotland became bachelor online for the get-go time in December 2019.[60]

Government [edit]

In the 2011 Scottish census, a question on Scots language ability was featured[9] and is planned to be included again in the 2022 census.[61]

The Scottish government set its kickoff Scots Language Policy in 2015, in which it pledged to support its preservation and encourage respect, recognition and use of Scots.[ix] The Scottish Parliament website also offers some information on the language in Scots.[62]

Media [edit]

Serious use of the language for news, encyclopaedias, documentaries, etc., remains rare and usually reserved for niches where it is accounted acceptable, due east.g. comedy, Burns Night, or representations of traditions and times gone by. Still, since 2022 The National newspaper has regularly published some news articles in the language.[63] The 2010s also saw an increasing number of English books translated in Scots and condign widely available, particularly those in popular children's fiction series such every bit The Gruffalo, Harry Potter and several by Roald Dahl[64] and David Walliams.[65] In 2021, the music streaming service Spotify created a Scots linguistic communication list.[66]

Geographic distribution [edit]

In Scotland, Scots is spoken in the Scottish Lowlands, the Northern Isles, Caithness, Arran and Campbeltown. In Ulster, the northern province in Ireland, its expanse is usually divers through the works of Robert John Gregg to include the counties of Down, Antrim, Londonderry and Donegal (especially in E Donegal and Inishowen).[67] More than recently, the Fintona-born linguist Warren Maguire has argued that some of the criteria that Gregg used as distinctive of Ulster Scots are common in due south-westward Tyrone and were found in other sites across Northern Republic of ireland investigated past the Linguistic Survey of Scotland.[68] Dialects of Scots include Insular Scots, Northern Scots, Central Scots, Southern Scots and Ulster Scots.

Information technology has been difficult to determine the number of speakers of Scots via census, because many respondents might interpret the question "Practise you speak Scots?" in unlike ways. Campaigners for Scots pressed for this question to exist included in the 2001 Britain National Census. The results from a 1996 trial earlier the Census, by the General Register Office for Scotland (GRO),[69] suggested that there were around 1.5 million speakers of Scots, with 30% of Scots responding "Yes" to the question "Can you lot speak the Scots linguistic communication?", but only 17% responding "Yeah" to the question "Tin can y'all speak Scots?".[ commendation needed ] It was also plant that older, working-class people were more likely to reply in the affirmative. The Academy of Aberdeen Scots Leid Quorum performed its own research in 1995, cautiously suggesting that there were 2.7 million speakers, though with description as to why these figures required context.[70]

The GRO questions, as freely acknowledged by those who set them, were not equally detailed and systematic as the University of Aberdeen ones, and only included reared speakers (people raised speaking Scots), non those who had learned the language. Part of the difference resulted from the central question posed past surveys: "Do you speak Scots?". In the Aberdeen University report, the question was augmented with the farther clause "... or a dialect of Scots such as Border etc.", which resulted in greater recognition from respondents. The GRO ended that at that place simply was not enough linguistic self-sensation among the Scottish populace, with people nonetheless thinking of themselves as speaking badly pronounced, grammatically inferior English rather than Scots, for an authentic census to be taken. The GRO inquiry ended that "[a] more precise approximate of genuine Scots linguistic communication power would require a more in-depth interview survey and may involve asking various questions virtually the language used in different situations. Such an approach would be inappropriate for a Census." Thus, although it was acknowledged that the "inclusion of such a Census question would undoubtedly raise the profile of Scots", no question about Scots was, in the end, included in the 2001 Census.[51] [71] [72] The Scottish Government's Pupils in Scotland Demography 2008 [73] plant that 306 pupils[ clarification needed ] spoke Scots as their main abode language. A Scottish Government study in 2010 found that 85% of effectually 1000 respondents (existence a representative sample of Scotland's adult population) claim to speak Scots to varying degrees.[48]

The 2011 Great britain census was the first to ask residents of Scotland nearly Scots. A campaign chosen Aye Can was fix upwardly to help individuals answer the question.[74] [75] The specific wording used was "Which of these can y'all practise? Tick all that employ" with options for "Sympathize", "Speak", "Read" and "Write" in three columns: English, Scottish Gaelic and Scots.[76] Of approximately 5.1 million respondents, nigh i.2 million (24%) could speak, read and write Scots, three.2 meg (62%) had no skills in Scots and the residual had some degree of skill, such as understanding Scots (0.27 meg, 5.2%) or beingness able to speak it simply non read or write information technology (0.18 one thousand thousand, iii.5%).[77] There were besides small numbers of Scots speakers recorded in England and Wales on the 2011 Census, with the largest numbers existence either in bordering areas (e.m. Carlisle) or in areas that had recruited large numbers of Scottish workers in the past (eastward.thousand. Corby or the former mining areas of Kent).[78]

Literature [edit]

Among the earliest Scots literature is John Barbour's Brus (fourteenth century), Wyntoun's Cronykil and Blind Harry'southward The Wallace (fifteenth century). From the fifteenth century, much literature based on the Royal Court in Edinburgh and the University of St Andrews was produced by writers such as Robert Henryson, William Dunbar, Gavin Douglas and David Lyndsay. The Complaynt of Scotland was an early printed work in Scots. The Eneados is a Middle Scots translation of Virgil's Aeneid, completed by Gavin Douglas in 1513.

Later the seventeenth century, anglicisation increased. At the time, many of the oral ballads from the borders and the North East were written down. Writers of the period were Robert Sempill, Robert Sempill the younger, Francis Sempill, Lady Wardlaw and Lady Grizel Baillie.

In the eighteenth century, writers such every bit Allan Ramsay, Robert Burns, James Orr, Robert Fergusson and Walter Scott connected to employ Scots – Burns'due south "Auld Lang Syne" is in Scots, for instance. Scott introduced vernacular dialogue to his novels. Other well-known authors similar Robert Louis Stevenson, William Alexander, George MacDonald, J. M. Barrie and other members of the Kailyard school like Ian Maclaren also wrote in Scots or used it in dialogue.

In the Victorian era popular Scottish newspapers regularly included manufactures and commentary in the colloquial, often of unprecedented proportions.[79]

In the early twentieth century, a renaissance in the apply of Scots occurred, its nigh song figure existence Hugh MacDiarmid whose criterion verse form "A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle" (1926) did much to demonstrate the ability of Scots as a modernistic idiom. Other contemporaries were Douglas Young, John Buchan, Sydney Goodsir Smith, Robert Garioch, Edith Anne Robertson and Robert McLellan. The revival extended to poesy and other literature.

In 1955, 3 Ayrshire men – Sandy MacMillan, an English instructor at Ayr University; Thomas Limond, noted town chamberlain of Ayr; and A. Fifty. "Ross" Taylor, rector of Cumnock University – collaborated to write Bairnsangs ("Child Songs"),[80] a collection of children's nursery rhymes and poems in Scots. The volume contains a v-page glossary of contemporary Scots words and their pronunciations.

Alexander Gray's translations into Scots constitute the greater function of his work, and are the main ground for his reputation.

In 1983, William Laughton Lorimer'due south translation of the New Testament from the original Greek was published.

Scots is sometimes used in contemporary fiction, such as the Edinburgh dialect of Scots in Trainspotting by Irvine Welsh (afterward made into a move picture of the same proper name).

But'n'Ben A-Go-Become by Matthew Fitt is a cyberpunk novel written entirely in what Wir Own Leed [81] ("Our Own Linguistic communication") calls "General Scots". Like all cyberpunk work, it contains imaginative neologisms.

The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam has been translated into Scots by Rab Wilson (published in 2004). Alexander Hutchison has translated the poetry of Catullus into Scots, and in the 1980s, Liz Lochhead produced a Scots translation of Tartuffe by Molière. J. K. Annand translated poetry and fiction from German and Medieval Latin into Scots.

The strip cartoons Oor Wullie and The Broons in the Sun Mail employ some Scots. In 2018, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stane, a Scots translation of the get-go Harry Potter book, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was published by Matthew Fitt.

In 2020, the Scots Wikipedia received a outburst of attending afterward a Reddit post criticized it for containing a large number of manufactures written in very low-quality Scots by a single prolific contributor who was not a native speaker of Scots.[82] [83]

Phonology [edit]

Vowels [edit]

The vowel system of Modern Scots:[84]

Aitken IPA Common spellings
one short /əi/
long /aɪ/ 		i-e, y-e, ey
2 /i/ ee, east-due east, ie
3 /ei/ [a] ei, ea
four /e/ a-e, #ae
5 /o/ oa, o-e
6 /u/ ou, oo, u-e
7 /ø/ [b] [c] ui, eu[c]
8 /eː/ ai, #ay
8a /əi/ i-east, y-due east, ey
9 /oe/ oi, oy
10 /əi/ i-e, y-due east, ey
11 /iː/ #ee, #ie
12 /ɑː, ɔː/ au, #aw
xiii /ʌu/ [d] ow, #owe
14 /ju/ ew
fifteen /ɪ/ i
16 /ɛ/ due east
17 /ɑ, a/ a
xviii /ɔ/ [e] o
xix /ʌ/ u
  1. ^ With the exception of Northward Northern dialects[85] this vowel has generally merged with vowels 2, iv or 8.
  2. ^ Merges with vowels fifteen. and 8. in central dialects and vowel 2 in Northern dialects.
  3. ^ a b Too /(j)u/ or /(j)ʌ/ earlier /g/ and /x/ depending on dialect.
  4. ^ Monophthongisation to /o/ may occur before /g/.
  5. ^ Some mergers with vowel 5.

Vowel length is ordinarily conditioned by the Scottish vowel length rule.

Consonants [edit]

Labial Dental Alveolar Post-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal k northward ŋ [a]
Stop p b t d [b] tʃ dʒ [c] m ɡ [d] ʔ
Fricative f v θ ð [e] s z [f] ʃ ʒ ç [g] x [g] h
Approximant fundamental ɹ [h] j ʍ [i] w
lateral l
Trill r [h]
  1. ^ Spelt ng , always /ŋ/.[86]
  2. ^ /t/ may exist a glottal end between vowels or word concluding.[86] : 501 In Ulster dentalised pronunciations may also occur, also for /d/.
  3. ^ The cluster nch is usually realised /nʃ/ [47] : 500 east.thou. brainch ("branch"), dunch ("push"), etc.
  4. ^ In Northern dialects, the clusters kn and gn may be realised as /kn/, /tn/ and /ɡn/ [47] : 501 eastward.g. knap ("talk"), human knee , knowe ("knoll"), etc.
  5. ^ Spelt th . In Mid Northern varieties an intervocallic /ð/ may be realised /d/.[47] : 506 Initial "thursday-" in thing, call back and thank, etc. may be /h/.[86] : 507
  6. ^ Both /s/ and /z/ may be spelt south or se. Z is seldom used for /z/ but may occur in some words as a substitute for the older ⟨ ȝ ⟩ (yogh) realised /jɪ/ or /ŋ/. For example: brulzie ("broil"), gaberlunzie (a beggar) and the names Menzies, Finzean, Culzean, Mackenzie etc.
  7. ^ a b Spelt ch , also gh . Medial "cht" may exist /ð/ in Northern dialects. loch ("fjord" or "lake"), nicht ("nighttime"), dochter ("daughter"), dreich ("dreary"), etc. Similar to the German "Nacht".[86] : 499 The spelling ch is realised /tʃ/ discussion initially or where information technology follows "r" e.k. airch ("arch"), mairch ("march"), etc.
  8. ^ a b Spelt r and pronounced in all positions, i.e. rhotically. The phoneme /r/ is most ordinarily realised as an approximant [ɹ], although an alveolar tap [ɾ] is also common, particularly among older speakers in rural areas. The realisation every bit a trill [r] is obsolete and merely sporadically used for emphasis.[47] : 510–511
  9. ^ Westward /due west/ and wh /ʍ/, older /xʍ/, exercise non merge.[86] : 499 Northern dialects also have /f/ for /ʍ/.[86] : 507 The cluster wr may exist realised /wr/, more often /r/, merely may be /vr/ in Northern dialects[86] : 507 e.yard. wrack ("wreck"), wrang ("wrong"), write , wrocht ("worked"), etc.

Orthography [edit]

The orthography of Early Scots had become more or less standardised[87] by the eye to late sixteenth century.[88] Subsequently the Wedlock of the Crowns in 1603, the Standard English of England came to have an increasing influence on the spelling of Scots[89] through the increasing influence and availability of books printed in England. After the Acts of Union in 1707 the emerging Scottish form of Standard English replaced Scots for most formal writing in Scotland.[33] : 11 The eighteenth-century Scots revival saw the introduction of a new literary language descended from the erstwhile court Scots, simply with an orthography that had abased some of the more distinctive old Scots spellings[90] and adopted many standard English language spellings. Despite the updated spelling, however, the rhymes arrive clear that a Scots pronunciation was intended.[91] These writings also introduced what came to exist known as the apologetic apostrophe,[91] : xiv generally occurring where a consonant exists in the Standard English cognate. This Written Scots drew not merely on the vernacular, but also on the King James Bible, and was heavily influenced by the norms and conventions of Augustan English verse.[14] : 168 Consequently, this written Scots looked very similar to contemporary Standard English language, suggesting a somewhat modified version of that, rather than a distinct spoken communication form with a phonological system which had been developing independently for many centuries.[92] This modern literary dialect, "Scots of the book" or Standard Scots,[93] [94] once again gave Scots an orthography of its own, defective neither "dominance nor author".[95] This literary language used throughout Lowland Scotland and Ulster,[96] embodied by writers such every bit Allan Ramsay, Robert Fergusson, Robert Burns, Sir Walter Scott, Charles Murray, David Herbison, James Orr, James Hogg and William Laidlaw among others, is well described in the 1921 Manual of Modern Scots.[97]

Other authors developed dialect writing, preferring to represent their own speech in a more phonological manner rather than following the pan-dialect conventions of modern literary Scots,[91] especially for the northern[98] and insular dialects of Scots.

During the twentieth century, a number of proposals for spelling reform were presented. Commenting on this, John Corbett (2003: 260) writes that "devising a normative orthography for Scots has been one of the greatest linguistic hobbies of the past century". Most proposals entailed regularising the apply of established eighteenth- and nineteenth-century conventions, in particular the avoidance of the apologetic apostrophe, which represented letters that were perceived to exist missing when compared to the respective English language cognates but were never really present in the Scots word.[99] [100] For case, in the fourteenth century, Barbour spelt the Scots cognate of "taken" as tane . It is argued that, because there has been no chiliad in the word for over 700 years, representing its omission with an apostrophe is of little value. The current spelling is usually taen .

Through the twentieth century, with the decline of spoken Scots and knowledge of the literary tradition, phonetic (frequently humorous) representations became more than mutual.[ citation needed ]

Grammar [edit]

Modern Scots follows the subject field–verb–object sentence structure similar Standard English. However, the word order Gie's information technology (Requite united states of america it) vs. "Give it to me" may be preferred.[xiv] : 897 The indefinite article a may exist used before both consonants and vowels. The definite article the is used before the names of seasons, days of the week, many nouns, diseases, trades and occupations, sciences and academic subjects.[97] : 78 It is as well oftentimes used in place of the indefinite commodity and instead of a possessive pronoun.[97] : 77 Scots includes some stiff plurals such as ee/een ("heart/eyes"), cauf/caur ("calf/calves"), horse/horse ("horse/horses"), cou/kye ("cow/cows") and shae/shuin ("shoe/shoes") that survived from Erstwhile English language into Modern Scots, simply take become weak plurals in Standard Modern English – ox/oxen and child/children being exceptions.[97] : 79 [xiv] : 896 Nouns of measure and quantity remain unchanged in the plural.[14] : 896 [97] : fourscore The relative pronoun is that for all persons and numbers, but may be elided.[14] : 896 [97] : 102 Modern Scots also has a third describing word/adverb this-that-yon/yonder ( thon/thonder ) indicating something at some distance.[xiv] : 896 Thir and thae are the plurals of this and that respectively. The present tense of verbs adheres to the Northern subject rule whereby verbs end in -s in all persons and numbers except when a single personal pronoun is next to the verb.[fourteen] : 896 [97] : 112 Certain verbs are often used progressively[14] : 896 and verbs of motility may be dropped before an adverb or adverbial phrase of motility.[fourteen] : 897 Many verbs take strong or irregular forms which are distinctive from Standard English.[xiv] : 896 [97] : 126 The regular by form of the weak or regular verbs is -it, -t or -ed, according to the preceding consonant or vowel.[xiv] : 896 [97] : 113 The present participle and gerund in are now usually /ən/ [101] but may still be differentiated /ən/ and /in/ in Southern Scots,[102] and /ən/ and /ɪn/ in Northern Scots. The negative particle is na , sometimes spelled nae , e.g. canna ("can't"), daurna ("daren't"), michtna ("mightn't").[97] : 115

Adverbs normally take the same form equally the verb root or adjective, especially afterward verbs. Examples include Haein a real guid day ("Having a actually adieu") and She's awfu fauchelt ("She's clumsily tired").

Sample text of Modern Scots [edit]

From The Iv Gospels in Braid Scots (William Wye Smith):

Noo the nativitie o' Jesus Christ was this gate: whan his mither Mary was mairry't till Joseph, 'or they cam thegither, she was fund wi' bairn o' the Holie Spirit.
Than her guidman, Joseph, bein an upricht man, and no desirin her name sud be i' the mooth o' the public, was ettlin to pit her awa' hidlins.
Merely every bit he had thir things in his listen, see! an Angel o' the Lord appear't to him past a dream, sayin, "Joseph, son o' Dauvid, binna feared to tak till ye yere married woman, Mary; for that whilk is begotten in her is by the Holie Spirit.
"And she sall bring forth a son, and ye sal ca' his name Jesus ; for he sal relieve his folk frae their sins."
Noo, a' this was dune, that it micht come up to pass what was said past the Lord throwe the prophet,
"Tak tent! a maiden sal exist wi' bairn, and sal bring forth a son; and they wull ca' his name Emmanuel," whilk is translatit, "God wi' us."
Sae Joseph, comin oot o' his sleep, did as the Angel had bidden him, and took till him his wife.
And leev'd in continence wi' her till she had brocht forth her firstborn son; and ca'd his name Jesus.

—Matthew i:18–21

From The New Testament in Scots (William Laughton Lorimer, 1885–1967)

This is the storie o the birth o Jesus Christ. His mither Mary wis trystit til Joseph, but afore they war mairriet she wis fund tae be wi bairn bi the Halie Spírit. Her married man Joseph, honest man, hed nae heed tae affront her afore the warld an wis for brakkin aff their tryst hidlinweys; an sae he wis een ettlin tae dae, whan an angel o the Lord kythed til him in a draim an said til him, "Joseph, son o Dauvit, be nane feared tae tak Mary your trystit married woman intil your hame; the bairn she is cairrein is o the Halie Spírit. She will beir a son, an the name ye ar tae gíe him is Jesus, for he will sauf his fowk frae their sins."

Aa this happent at the wurd spokken bi the Lord throu the Prophet micht exist fulfilled: Behaud, the virgin wil bouk an beir a son, an they will caa his name Immanuel – that is, "God wi us".

Whan he hed waukit frae his sleep, Joseph did as the angel hed bidden him, an tuik his trystit wife hame wi him. But he bedditna wi her or she buir a son; an he caa'd the bairn Jesus.

—Matthew i:18–21

See too [edit]

  • Bungi Creole of the Canadian Metis people of Scottish/British descent
  • Doric dialect (Scotland)
  • Glasgow patter
  • Billy Kay
  • Languages of the Uk
  • Phonological history of Scots
  • Scotticism
  • Scottish Corpus of Texts and Speech
  • Scottish literature

References [edit]

  1. ^ Scots at Ethnologue (22nd ed., 2019)
  2. ^ "Scotland's Demography 2011" (PDF). 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  3. ^ "FACT: SCOTLAND'Due south OFFICIAL LANGUAGES ARE ENGLISH, SCOTS, GAELIC & BRITISH SIGN LANGUAGE". Scotland.org . Retrieved nineteen April 2022.
  4. ^ "List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148". Conventions.coe.int. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  5. ^ "Gaelic Linguistic communication". cranntara.scot.
  6. ^ Fuster-Márquez, Miguel; Calvo García de Leonardo, Juan José (2011). A Practical Introduction to the History of English. [València]: Universitat de València. p. 21. ISBN9788437083216 . Retrieved 19 Dec 2017.
  7. ^ Alexander Bergs, Modern Scots, Languages of the World serial, № 242 (Bow Historical Books, 2001), ISBN 9783895865138, pp. 4, l. "Scots developed out of a mixture of Scandinavianised Northern English during the early Middle English period.... Scots originated as one class of Northern Old English and quickly developed into a linguistic communication in its own right up to the seventeenth century."
  8. ^ Sandred, Karl Inge (1983). "Skilful or Bad Scots?: Attitudes to Optional Lexical and Grammatical Usages in Edinburgh". Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Ubsaliensis South. Academiae. 48: 13. ISBN9789155414429. Whereas Modernistic Standard English is traced back to an Eastward Midland dialect of Middle English, Modernistic Scots developed from a northern variety which goes dorsum to Old Northumbrian
  9. ^ a b c "Scots linguistic communication policy: English version - gov.scot". www.gov.scot.
  10. ^ "States Parties to the European Lease for Regional or Minority Languages and their regional or minority languages". coe.int.
  11. ^ "UNESCO Atlas of the Earth'southward Languages in danger". www.unesco.org . Retrieved half-dozen October 2020.
  12. ^ Evans, Lisa (15 April 2011). "Endangered languages: the full list". the Guardian . Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  13. ^ "Ethnicity, Identity, Language and Organized religion | Scotland's Census". www.scotlandscensus.gov.britain.
  14. ^ a b c d e f thousand h i j k fifty m n o p Aitken, A. J. (1992). The Oxford Companion to the English Linguistic communication. Oxford University Printing. p. 894.
  15. ^ Stuart-Smith, J. (2008). "Scottish English: Phonology". In Kortman; Upton (eds.). Varieties of English: The British Isles. Mouton de Gruyter, New York. p. 47.
  16. ^ a b "Scottish National Dictionary (1700–): Scots, adj". Dsl.air conditioning.uk. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  17. ^ "Scottish National Dictionary (1700–): Doric". Dsl.ac.uk. Retrieved xiii Dec 2016.
  18. ^ Buchan, Peter; Toulmin, David (1998). Buchan Claik: The Saut and the Glaur O't: a Compendium of Words and Phrases from the North-e of Scotland. Gordon Wright. ISBN978-0-903065-94-viii.
  19. ^ Traynor, Michael (1953). The English dialect of Donegal. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. p. 244.
  20. ^ Nic Craith, M. (2002). Plural Identities—singular Narratives. Berghahn Books. p. 107.
  21. ^ "Scottish National Dictionary (1700–): Lawland, adj". Dsl.ac.united kingdom. Retrieved 13 Dec 2016.
  22. ^ "Ethnologue - Scots". Ethnologue. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
  23. ^ Tymoczko, M.; Republic of ireland, C. A. (2003). Language and Tradition in Ireland: Continuities and Displacements. Academy of Massachusetts Press. p. 159. ISBN1558494278.
  24. ^ "Scots, a. (northward.)". OED online. Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  25. ^ "A Cursory History of Scots". Scotslanguage.
  26. ^ Bingham, Caroline (1974). The Stewart Kingdom of Scotland, 1371–1603. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
  27. ^ McArthur, Tom (1994). Companion to the Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford Academy Press.
  28. ^ The British Isles nearly 802 (Map). 1:7 500 000.
  29. ^ "cairt n. v.". The Online Scots Dictionary.
  30. ^ "550-1100 Anglo-Saxon (Pre-Scots)".
  31. ^ a b c d e Macafee, Caroline; Aitken, A. J. (2002). "A History of Scots to 1700". A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue. Vol. 12. Dictionary of the Scots Language. p. xxxvi. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  32. ^ "Dictionaries of the Scots Language - vocabulary". Retrieved 30 April 2021.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h Corbett, John; McClure, Derrick; Stuart-Smith, Jane, eds. (2003). "A Brief History of Scots". The Edinburgh Companion to Scots. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 9. ISBN0-7486-1596-2.
  34. ^ Montgomery & Gregg 1997: 572
  35. ^ Adams 1977: 57
  36. ^ Petyt, Keith Malcolm (1980). The Study of Dialect: An introduction to dialectology. Andre Deutsch. pp. 94–98. ISBN0233972129.
  37. ^ Eder, Birgit (2004). Ausgewählte Verwandtschaftsbezeichnungen in den Sprachen Europas: untersucht anhand der Datensammlungen des Atlas Linguarum Europae. Peter Lang. p. 301. ISBN9783631528730.
  38. ^ Calendar Land Papers Scotland, vol. 1 (1898), 322.
  39. ^ "A Speach in Parliament. Anno 1603" in "The Workes of the Most High and Mightie Prince Iames, by the Grace of God" (1616), pg. 485
  40. ^ a b Jones, Charles (1995). A Language Suppressed: The Pronunciation of the Scots Language in the 18th Century. Edinburgh: J. Donald Publishers. p. seven. ISBN0859764273.
  41. ^ "Scuilwab, p.three" (PDF).
  42. ^ Britain Retail Price Index aggrandizement figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Serial)". MeasuringWorth . Retrieved ii December 2021.
  43. ^ a b "The Dialect Dictionary: meeting in Bradford". Bradford Observer. 7 October 1895.
  44. ^ Eagle, Andy (2006). "Aw Ae Wey – Written Scots in Scotland and Ulster" (PDF) . Retrieved 18 Oct 2015.
  45. ^ Primary pedagogy: a report of the Advisory Council on Pedagogy in Scotland, Scottish Education Department 1946, p. 75
  46. ^ Macafee, C. (2003). "Studying Scots Vocabulary". In Corbett, John; McClure, Derrick; Stuart-Smith, Jane (eds.). The Edinburgh Companion to Scots. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 51. ISBN0-7486-1596-2.
  47. ^ a b c d e Jones, Charles (1997). The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 518. ISBN978-0-7486-0754-9 . Retrieved nine August 2010. Menzies (1991:42) also found that in her sample of 40 secondary-school children from Easterhouse in Glasgow, there was a tendency to describe Scots words as 'slang' alongside the use of the term 'Scots'
  48. ^ a b The Scottish Authorities. "Public Attitudes Towards the Scots Language". Archived from the original on 1 Apr 2017. Retrieved eighteen October 2015.
  49. ^ Horsbroch, Dauvit. "Nostra Vulgari Lingua: Scots as a European Language 1500–1700". www.scots-online.org. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  50. ^ Kloss, Heinz, ²1968, Die Entwicklung neuer germanischer Kultursprachen seit 1800, Düsseldorf: Bagel. pp.70, 79
  51. ^ a b Jane Stuart-Smith (2004). "Scottish English: phonology". In Bernd Kortmann and Edgar Due west. Schneider (ed.). A Handbook of Varieties of English. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 48–49. ISBN978-3-11-017532-v.
  52. ^ Scott, Maggie (November 2007). "The Scots Continuum and Descriptive Linguistics". The Canteen Imp. Clan for Scottish Literary Studies. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
  53. ^ "Second Report submitted by the United Kingdom pursuant to commodity 25, paragraph 2 of the framework convention for the protection of national minorities" (PDF). Council of Europe. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
  54. ^ Meet for case "Confession of Faith Ratification Act 1560". Archived from the original on 26 August 2020. , written in Scots and still part of British Law
  55. ^ "Scots language being revived in schools". BBC News. xiii Feb 2015.
  56. ^ "Noesis of Language: Scots: Scots and Curriculum for Excellence". Education Scotland. Archived from the original on fourteen October 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  57. ^ "Exposed to ridicule". The Scotsman. 7 February 2004. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
  58. ^ "Scots – Teaching approaches – Learning and Teaching Scotland Online Service". Ltscotland.org.uk. 3 November 2005. Archived from the original on 30 October 2004. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
  59. ^ "National Guidelines 5–14: English LANGUAGE Learning and Instruction Scotland Online Service". Ltscotland.org.uk. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
  60. ^ "OLCreate: Scots language and culture". Archived from the original on 26 Baronial 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
  61. ^ "Planning the 2022 census | Scotland's Demography". www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved seven January 2022.
  62. ^ "The Scottish Parliament: – Languages – Scots". Scottish Parliament. Retrieved 18 Oct 2015.
  63. ^ "The National at the fore of dictionary updates of Scots linguistic communication". The National.
  64. ^ "Scotslanguage.com - Children's books in Scots". www.scotslanguage.com.
  65. ^ "Book List: Scots books for 9-14 yr olds". Scottish Book Trust . Retrieved 21 Oct 2021.
  66. ^ "Vocaliser wins campaign to persuade Spotify to recognise Scots language for start time". The Scotsman. iv March 2021.
  67. ^ Caroline I. Macafee (ed.), A Concise Ulster Lexicon. Oxford: Oxford University Printing, 1996; pp. xi–xii.
  68. ^ Maguire, Warren (2020). Language and Dialect Contact in Ireland: The Phonological Origins of Mid-Ulster English. Edinburgh University Printing. p. 4. ISBN9781474452908.
  69. ^ [Iain Máté] (1996) Scots Language. A Study on the Scots Language Enquiry carried out by the General Annals Office for Scotland in 1996, Edinburgh: Full general Register Role (Scotland).
  70. ^ Steve Murdoch, Language Politics in Scotland (AUSLQ, 1995), p. 18
  71. ^ "The Scots Language in education in Scotland" (PDF). Regional Dossiers Serial. Mercator-Instruction. 2002. ISSN 1570-1239.
  72. ^ T. Thousand. Yard. Bryce and Walter K. Humes (2003). Scottish Instruction. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 263–264. ISBN978-0-7486-1625-ane.
  73. ^ "Pupils in Scotland, 2008". Scotland.gov.uk. ane April 2009. Archived from the original on 26 August 2020. Retrieved nine September 2012.
  74. ^ "Scottish Census Twenty-four hour period 2011 survey begins". BBC News. 26 March 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
  75. ^ "Scots language – Scottish Demography 2011". Aye Can . Retrieved 21 July 2011.
  76. ^ "How to fill in your questionnaire: Private question 16". Scotland'south Census. Full general Register Office for Scotland. Archived from the original on 1 March 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
  77. ^ "Scotland'south Census 2011: Standard Outputs". National Records of Scotland. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
  78. ^ "2011 Census: KS206EW Household language, local government in England and Wales (Excel sheet 268Kb)".
  79. ^ William Donaldson, The Language of the People: Scots Prose from the Victorian Revival, Aberdeen University Press 1989.
  80. ^ Bairnsangs ISBN 978-0-907526-11-7
  81. ^ Andy Eagle (26 July 2005). "Wir Ain Leed – An introduction to Modernistic Scots". Scots-online.org. Retrieved fifteen September 2012.
  82. ^ Vocal, Victoria. "Alleged Teen Brony Has Filled the Scots Wiki With Thousands of Fake Translations [Update: Confirmed Teen, No Longer Brony]". Gizmodo . Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  83. ^ Ongweso, Edward Jr. "Most of Scottish Wikipedia Written By American in Mangled English". Vice.com . Retrieved 26 August 2020.
  84. ^ Aitken A. J. "How to Pronounce Older Scots" in Bards and Makars. Glasgow University Printing 1977
  85. ^ "SND INTRODUCTION". 22 September 2012. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012.
  86. ^ a b c d due east f thousand Johnston, Paul (1997). "Regional Variation". In Jones, Charles (ed.). The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 510.
  87. ^ Agutter, Alex (1987) "A taxonomy of Older Scots orthography" in Caroline Macafee and Iseabail Macleod eds. The Nuttis Schell: Essays on the Scots Linguistic communication Presented to A. J. Aitken, Aberdeen University Press, p. 75.
  88. ^ Millar, Robert McColl (2005) Linguistic communication, Nation and Power An Introduction, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. pp. 90–91
  89. ^ Wilson, James (1926) The Dialects of Central Scotland, Oxford University Press. p.194
  90. ^ Tulloch, Graham (1980) The Linguistic communication of Walter Scott. A Study of his Scottish and Flow Language, London: Deutsch. p. 249
  91. ^ a b c Grant, William; Murison, David D. (eds.). The Scottish National Dictionary (SND) (1929–1976). Vol. I. Edinburgh: The Scottish National Dictionary Association. p. xv.
  92. ^ McClure, J. Derrick (1985) "The debate on Scots orthography" in Manfred Görlach ed. Focus on: Scotland, Amsterdam: Benjamins, p. 204
  93. ^ Mackie, Albert D. (1952) "Fergusson's Language: Braid Scots Then and Now" in Smith, Sydney Goodsir ed. Robert Fergusson 1750–1774, Edinburgh: Nelson, p. 123–124, 129
  94. ^ Mairi Robinson (editor-in-master), The Concise Scots Lexicon, Aberdeen University Press, 1985 p. thirteen
  95. ^ Stevenson, R. L. (1905) The Works of R. L. Stevenson Vol. 8, "Underwoods", London: Heinemann, p. 152
  96. ^ Todd, Loreto (1989) The Linguistic communication of Irish Literature, London: MacMillan, p. 134
  97. ^ a b c d e f one thousand h i j Grant, William; Dixon, James Master (1921). Manual of Modern Scots. Cambridge: Academy Press.
  98. ^ McClure, J. Derrick (2002). Doric: The Dialect of North–E Scotland. Amsterdam: Benjamins, p. 79
  99. ^ Eagle, Andy (2014). "Aw Ae Wey—Written Scots in Scotland and Ulster" (PDF). v1.v.
  100. ^ Rennie, S. (2001) "The Electronic Scottish National Dictionary (eSND): Work in Progress", Literary and Linguistic Computing 2001 16(2), Oxford University Press, pp. 159
  101. ^ Beal, J. "Syntax and Morphology". In Jones, C. (ed.). The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language. Edinburgh: Academy of Edinburgh Printing. p. 356.
  102. ^ "SND Introduction - Dialect Districts. p.xxxi". Dsl.air-conditioning.uk. Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2009.

External links [edit]

Media related to Scots language at Wikimedia Commons Lowland Scots at Wikibooks

  • Scots-online
  • The Scots Language Club
  • Scots Language Centre
  • Scots at Omniglot
  • a phonetic description of Scottish Language and Dialects at Dictionary of the Scots Language
  • Words Without Borders Peter Constantine: Scots: The Auld an Nobill Tung
  • Scots in Schools

Dictionaries and linguistic information [edit]

  • The Dictionary of the Scots Linguistic communication
  • Scottish Language Dictionaries Ltd.
  • Dialect Map
  • SAMPA for Scots
  • Scottish words – illustrated
  • Scots Language Recordings

Collections of texts [edit]

  • ScotsteXt – books, poems and texts in Scots
  • Scots Threap
  • Scottish Corpus of Texts & Speech – Multimedia corpus of Scots and Scottish English
  • BBC Voices, Scots section – The BBC Voices Project is a major, though breezy, expect at United kingdom linguistic communication and voice communication
  • Scots Syntax Atlas

oxfordwasublivis.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_language

You may like these posts

Post a Comment for "Language Arts 700 ââ“ Unit 3 Biographies and Grammar Affixes"